04434naa a2200313 a 450000100080000000500110000800800410001902400360006010000190009624501960011526000090031150010900032052023470141065300270375765300250378465300120380965300230382165300190384465300240386370000170388770000190390470000160392370000150393970000160395470000150397070000170398570000160400277301020401810642012023-07-20       2023    bl uuuu     u00u1 u    #d7 a10.3389/fsufs.2023.10457342DOI1 aBALDASSINI, P.  aCarbon stocks and potential sequestration of Uruguayan soils. A road map to a comprehensive characterization of temporal and spatial changes to assess Carbon footprint.h[electronic resource]  c2023  aArticle history: Received 16 Sep 2022; Accepted 25 May 2023; Published 20 July 2023. -- Correspondence: Dr. Pablo Baldassini, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, INIA La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay. -- Edited by: Bruno José Rodrigues Alves, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Brazil. --  Reviewed by: Gerald Moser, University of Giessen; Germany Ernesto Viglizzo, Independent researcher, Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina. --  This article is part of the Research Topic Finding Paths to Net-Zero Carbon in Climate-Smart Food Systems (https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/29787/finding-paths-to-net-zero-carbon-in-climate-smart-food-systems#articles ). -- FUNDING: This research was supported by agrant from ANII-CONICETIA_2021_4_04. -- License: This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). -- Supplementary material: The Supplementary material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2023.1045734/full#supplementary-material  aCarbon net emission is a critical aspect of the environmental footprint in agricultural systems. However, the alternatives to describe soil organic carbon (SOC) changes associated with different agricultural management practices/land uses are limited. Here we provide an overview of carbon (C) stocks of non-forested areas of Uruguay to estimate SOC changes for different soil units affected by accumulated effects of crop and livestock production systems in the last decades. For this, we defined levels based on SOC losses relative to the original (reference) SOC stocks: 25% or less, between 25% and 50%, and 50% or more. We characterized the reference SOC stocks using three approaches: (1) an equation to derive the potential SOC capacity based on the clay and fine silt soil content, (2) the DayCent model to estimate the SOC stocks based on climate, soil texture and C inputs from the natural grasslands of the area, (3) an estimate of SOC using a proxy derived from remote sensing data (i.e., the Ecosystem Services Supply Index) that accounts for differences in C inputs. Depending on the used reference SOC, the soil units had different distributions of SOC losses within the zones defined by the thresholds. As expected, the magnitude of SOC changes observed for the different soil units was related to the relative frequency of annual crops, however, the high variability observed along the gradient of land uses suggests a wide space for increasing SOC with agricultural management practices. The assessment of the C stock preserved (CSP) belowground and the potential for increasing C accumulation or sequestration (CAP) are critical components of the C footprint of a given system. Thus, we propose a methodological road map to derive indicators of CSP and CAP at the farm level combining both, biogeochemical simulation models and conceptual models based on remote sensing data. We recognize at least three critical issues that require scientific and political consensus to implement the use of this propose: (1) how to define reference C stocks, (2) how to estimate current C stocks over large areas and in heterogeneous agricultural landscapes, and (3) what is a reasonable/acceptable threshold of C stocks reduction. Copyright: © 2023 Baldassini, Baethgen, Camba Sans, Quincke, Pravia, Terra, Macedo, Piñeiro and Paruelo.  aAgricultural emissions  aCarbon Sequestration  aDAYCENT  aEcosystem services  aRemote sensing  aSoil Organic Carbon1 aBAETHGEN, W.1 aCAMBA SANS, G.1 aQUINCKE, A.1 aPRAVIA, V.1 aTERRA, J.A.1 aMACEDO, F.1 aPIÑEIRO, G.1 aPARUELO, J.  tFrontiers in Sustainable Food Systems. 2023, Volume 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2023.1045734