03176naa a2200421 a 450000100080000000500110000800800410001902400360006010000130009624501030010926000090021250009770022152011020119865300250230065300190232565300090234465300320235365300140238570000170239970000150241670000160243170000150244770000130246270000130247570000140248870000180250270000160252070000170253670000140255370000180256770000190258570000150260470000190261970000110263870000130264970000170266277300750267910620392021-05-10       2021    bl uuuu     u00u1 u    #d7 a10.21203/rs.3.rs-401904/v12DOI1 aYUAN, S.  aA roadmap towards sustainable intensification for a larger global rice bowlh[electronic resource]  c2021  aAcknowledgements: We would like to thank Dr. Russell Ford (former Head of Agronomic R&D at Sunrice) for providing data for rice in Australia and Dr. P.A.J. van Oort for performing the simulations of yield potential for African countries. We would also like to thank agronomists and extension personnel for their help to collect the survey data from the 32 cropping systems included in this study. This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0300210), the Major International (Regional) Joint Research Project of NSFC (32061143038), the Earmarked Fund for the China Agriculture Research System (CARS-01-20), the China Scholarship Council (201706760015), and the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2020M682439). We also acknowledge GRISP, RICE CRP, and the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation for their nancial support to conduct the MISTIG, MISTIR and CORIGAP surveys, respectively (Grant 681 no. 7F-08412.02).  aAbstract: Future rice systems will need to produce more grain while minimizing the environmental impact. A key question is how to orient agricultural research & development (R&D) programs at national to global scales to maximize the return on investment. Here we assess yield gap and resource-use efficiency (including water, pesticides, nitrogen, labor, and energy) across 32 rice cropping systems, together accounting for 88% of global rice production. We show that achieving high yields and high resource-use efficiencies are not conflicting goals. Most cropping systems have room for increasing yield, resource-use efficiency, or both. In aggregate, current total rice production of these systems can be increased by 36%, and excess nitrogen almost eliminated, by focusing on a relatively small number of cropping systems with large yield gaps and/or poor resource-use efficiencies. This study provides essential strategic insight for prioritizing national and global agricultural R&D investments to ensure adequate rice supply while minimizing negative environmental impact in coming decades.  aENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT  aPROGRAMA ARROZ  aRICE  aSUSTAINABLE INTENSIFICATION  aYIELD GAP1 aLINQUIST, B.1 aWILSON, L.1 aCASSMAN, K.1 aSTUART, A.1 aPEDE, V.1 aMIRO, B.1 aSAITO, K.1 aAGUSTIANI, N.1 aARISTYA, V.1 aKRISNADI, L.1 aZANON, A.1 aHEINEMANN, A.1 aCARRACELAS, G.1 aSUBASH, N.1 aBRAHMANAND, P.1 aLI, T.1 aPENG, S.1 aGRASSINI, P.  tResearch Square, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-401904/v1