02936naa a2200289 a 450000100080000000500110000800800410001902200140006002400350007410000170010924502220012626000090034850003190035752016920067665000100236865300130237865300100239170000150240170000190241670000150243570000180245070000180246870000150248670000180250170000160251977301110253510607082020-03-23       2020    bl uuuu     u00u1 u    #d  a0018-067X7 a10.1038/s41437-019-0288-x2DOI1 aKOLMER, J.A.  aEndemic and panglobal genetic groups, and divergence of host-associated forms in worldwide collections of the wheat leaf rust fungus Puccinia triticina as determined by genotyping by sequencing.h[electronic resource]  c2020  aArticle history: Received: 5 September 2019 / Revised: 3 December 2019 / Accepted: 3 December 2019 / Published online: 20 December 2019. Supplementary information The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1038/s41437-019-0288-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.  aABSTRACT. The wheat leaf rust fungus, Puccinia triticina, is found in the major wheat growing regions of the world and is a leading cause of yield loss in wheat. Populations of P. triticina are highly variable for virulence to resistance genes in wheat and adapt quickly to resistance genes in wheat cultivars. The objectives of this study were to determine the genetic relatedness of worldwide collections of P. triticina using restriction site associated genotyping by sequencing. A total of 558 isolates of P. triticina from wheat producing regions in North America, South America, Europe, the Middle East, Ethiopia, Russia, Pakistan, Central Asia, China, New Zealand, and South Africa were characterized at 6745 single nucleotide loci. Isolates were also tested for virulence to 20 near-isogenic lines that differ for leaf rust resistance genes. Populations that were geographically proximal were also more closely related for genotypes. In addition, groups of isolates within regions that varied for genotype were similar to groups from other regions, which indicated past and recent migration across regions. Isolates from tetraploid durum wheat in five different regions were highly related with distinct genotypes compared to isolates from hexaploid common wheat. Based on a molecular clock, isolates from durum wheat found only in Ethiopia were the first to diverge from a common ancestor form of P. triticina that is found on the wild wheat relative Aegilops speltoides, followed by the divergence of isolates found worldwide that are virulent to durum wheat, and then by isolates found on common wheat.  © 2019, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to The Genetics Society.  aTRIGO  aTRITICUM  aWHEAT1 aHERMAN, A.1 aORDOÑEZ, M.E.1 aGERMAN, S.1 aMORGOUNOV, A.1 aPRETORIUS, Z.1 aVISSER, B.1 aANISKSTER, Y.1 aACEVEDO, M.  tHeredity, 1 March 2020, Volume 124, Issue 3, Pages 397-409. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41437-019-0288-x