Fecha/hora: 03/06/2024 10:18:03

Biblioteca(s): 	INIA Tacuarembó.	
Fecha corriente: 	23/10/2020	
Fecha de la última actualización: 	23/10/2020	
Autoria: 	MACHADO, M.; DE MACÊDO PESSOA, C.R.; PESSOA, A. F. A.; SOUZA MENDES, R. DE; MEDEIROS, R. M. T. DE; DANTAS, A. F. M.; CASTRO, M. B. DE; RIET-CORREA, F.	
Afiliación: 	MIZAEL MACHADO DA COSTA, INIA (Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria), Uruguay; CLARICE RICARDO DE MACÊDO PESSOA, Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS), Campus do Sertão, Nossa Senhora da Glória, SE, Brazil; ANDRÉ FLÁVIO ALMEIDA PESSOA, Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS), Campus do Sertão, Nossa Senhora da Glória, SE, Brazil; RODRIGO DE SOUZA MENDES, Escola de Saúde, Universidade Potiguar (UnP), Natal, RN, Brazil. 4 Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural (CSTR), Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Patos, PB, Brazil; ANTÔNIO FLÁVIO MEDEIROS DANTAS, Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural (CSTR), Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Patos, PB, Brazil; ANTÔNIO FLÁVIO MEDEIROS DANTAS, Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural (CSTR), Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Patos, PB, Brazil; MÁRCIO BOTELHO DE CASTRO, Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, H.V., Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília, DF, Brazil; FRANKLIN RIET-CORREA AMARAL, INIA (Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria), Uruguay.	
Título: 	South American rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus spp.) envenomation in dogs in the semiarid region of Brazil.	
Año de publicación: 	2020	
Fuente/Imprenta: 	Acta Scientiae Veterinariae, 2020, Volume 48, Article number 521. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.104578	
DOI: 	10.22456/1679-9216.104578	
Idioma: 	Inglés	
Notas: 	Article history: Received: 29 March 2020 Accepted: 17 June 2020 Published: 19 July 2020. Acknowledgments: Thanks are due to Dr. José María Gutiérrez (University of Costa Rica) for the critical reading of the manuscript and suggestions.	
Contenido: 	ABSTRACT: Background: South American rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus spp.) envenomation is rarely reported in small animals and livestock in Brazil. Minor swelling at the snakebite site, skeletal muscle, and renal damage, and severe neurological signs characterize the crotalic envenomation. This case report aims to present epidemiological, clinical, and pathological data of two cases of Crotalus durissus spp envenomation in dogs in the Northeast of Brazil. Cases: Envenomation by Crotalus durissus spp. was recorded in two dogs in Patos, State of Paraíba, Brazil. In Case 1, the dog presented flaccid paralysis, hyporeflexia, a deficit of cranial nerves, epistaxis, and gingival hemorrhages. Laboratory assay showed proteinuria, myoglobinuria, regenerative thrombocytopenia, and increased serum activities of creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The dog was medicated with crotalic antivenom and wholly recovered from local and systemic clinical signs. In Case 2, the dog died and was detected fang marks at the ventral region of the left mandible (two small parallel perforations spaced 2.0 cm apart) at the snakebite site. Cyanosis of the oral cavity, congestion, and hemorrhages in several organs were observed at necropsy. Tubular nephrosis, muscular necrosis, hepatocytes swelling were observed. The owners witnessed snakebites, and the rattlesnakes (Crotalus durissus spp.) identified by the rattle at the end portion of the tail in both cases. Discussion: Natural South American rattlesnake envenomation presents complex clinical signs that makes diagnosis a challenge for veterinary practitioners. The criteria for the correct diagnosis and observed in the two dogs include witness of the snakebite, identification of the snake, detection of fang marks, clinical-pathological findings, and therapeutic response to treatment with specific anti-venom. The dog’s owners did not identify the subspecies of rattlesnakes; however, Crotalus durissus cascavella and Crotalus durissus collilineatus are the only species found in the Northeast region of Brazil. Crotoxin is the primary toxic component of South American rattlesnake, which induces neuromuscular blockage, and neurological signs (skeletal muscle flaccid paralysis, apathy, hyporeflexia, cranial nerve deficits). These clinical signs are similar to those observed in the two dogs. Respiratory distress, cyanosis, pulmonary edema, and hemorrhage are secondary to respiratory muscle paralysis and also detected in a dog (Case 2) with crotalic envenomation. Minor local swelling at the snakebite site, myotoxicity observed in both dogs (high serum activities of CK and AST - Case 1), degeneration
and necrosis of muscle fibers - Case 2), and fang marks observed in Case 2, strengthen the diagnosis of Crotalus durissus envenomation. Nephrotoxicity was also detected in both dogs (increased specific gravity of urine - Case 1 and myoglobin deposition and degeneration of renal epithelial tubular cells - Case 2). Coagulative disorders and hepatotoxicity are infrequently in domestic animals and humans with crotalic envenomation. High serum activities of ALP and ALT in Case 1, and swelling of hepatocytes in Case 2, suggest liver damage associated with the crotalic envenomation. The differential diagnosis of South American rattlesnake envenomation should be included in dogs with acute neuromuscular flaccid
paralysis, associated or not with bleeding disorders, myoglobinuria, and acute kidney injury.	
Palabras-Clave: 	CROTALIC ENVENOMATION; CROTALUS DURISSUS SPP; DOG; SNAKEBITE; TOXIC MYOPATHY.	
Categoría del tema: 	L70 Ciencias veterinarias e higiene  - Aspectos generales	
Registro original: 	INIA Tacuarembó (TBO)	
Ejemplares: 	TBO - (103274-1) - PXI - AP - DD -  -  -  - DIS